I've been trying to learn how to photograph the moon lately, and it's a hell of a lot harder than I expected. I've read several articles that have been helpful... when I remember what they said.
It's not so intuitive for me, but it seems to boil down to this: The moon that we see is in daylight, so expose for daylight, even when it's only a small part of the frame.
Following that advice, I got this, my first moon shot that was not totally blown out, pure white, and featureless.
I was even able to take it handheld because the SS was high with the daylight exposure!